SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [3
MARKS]:
Q.1. Describe what happened to Germany after
its defeat in the First World War.
Ans.1- World War I, ended with the Allies defeating Germany and
the Central powers inNovember 1918.
2-The Peace Treaty at Versailles with the
Allies was a harsh and humiliating treaty. Germany lost its overseas colonies,
a tenth of its population, 13 per cent of its territories, 75 per cent of its
iron and 26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
3-The
Allied Powers demilitarised Germany to weaken its power. Germany was forced to
pay compensation amounting to 6 billion.
Q.2.Give reasons for Hitler’s rise to power.
Ans (i) The economic crisis: Germany had to face a great
economic crisis after the First WorldWar. Many soldiers were no longer in
service, so they became unemployed. Trade and commerce was ruined. Germany was
in the grip of unemployment and starvation.
(ii) Exploiting the mentality of the Germans: The
Germans had no faith in democracy. It was against their culture and tradition.
They at once gave their support to a strong man like Hitler who could transfer
their dreams into reality.
(iii) Making the best use of his personal
qualities: Hitler was a powerful orator, an able Organiser.
Q.3. Explain the following terms:
(a) A
Racial State (b) Propaganda (c) Jungvolk
Ans (a) Racial State: Once in power, the Nazis quickly began to
implement their dream of creating an exclusive racial community of pure Germans by
physically eliminating all those who were seen as ‘undesirable’ in the extended
empire.Nazis only wanted a society of ‘pure and healthy Nordic Aryans’. They
alone were considered ‘desirable’.
(b) Propaganda: The Nazi regime used language and media with care and
often to great effect. They used films, pictures, radio, posters, etc. to
spread hatred for the Jews.
Propaganda is a specific type of message
directly aimed at influencing the opinion of people through the use of posters,
films, speeches etc.
(c) Jungvolk: These were Nazi youth groups for children below 14 years
of age. Youth organisations were made responsible for educating German youth in
‘the spirit of National Socialism’. Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk. At 14,
all boys had to join the Nazi youth organisation.
Q.4. Explain the role of women in Hitler’s
Germany.
Ans.
1. According to
Hitler’s ideology, women were radically different from men.
2. The democratic idea of equal rights for
men and women was wrong and would destroy society.
3. While boys were taught to be aggressive,
masculine and steel-hearted, girls were told that they had to become good
mothers and rear pure blooded Aryan children.
Q.5. Explain the main views of Hitler as
expressed in his book 'Mein Kampf'.
Ans. Adolf Hitler wrote a book entitled ‘Mein Kampf’. Its
literal meaning is ‘My Struggle’. This book expresses some of the most
monstrous ideas of the Nazi movement.
1.
He
glorified the use of force and brutalities and the rule by a great leader and
ridiculed internationalism, peace and democracy.
2.
These
principles were accepted by all followers of Hitler.
3. Throughout Germany an atmosphere
of terror was created. Hitler glorified violent nationalism and extolled war.
4. He wrote this book at the age of
35, it is an autobiographical book; in this book Hitler has poured out his
hatred for democracy,
5.
He
also revealed his bitterness over German surrender in World War I.
Q.6. Why is Nazism considered a calamity not
only for Germany but for the entire Europe?
Ans. Nazi ideology specified that there was racial hierarchy
and no equality between people.
1.
The
blond, blue-eyed Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while the Jews were
located somewhere on the lowest rung of the ladder.
2. The number of people killed by
Nazi Germany was 6 million Jews, 200,000 Gypsies, 1 million Polish civilians,
70,000 Germans.
3.
Nazism
glorified the use of force and brutality. It ridiculed internationalism, peace
and democracy.
4. Nazi Germany became the most
dreaded criminal state. Hitler chose war as the way out of approaching the
economic crisis.
5.
Germany
invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England in September 1940.
Q.7.What happened in schools under Nazism?
Ans. 1. All schools were cleansed and purified.
2. This meant that teachers who were Jews or
seen as politically unreliable were dismissed.
3.
Children were segregated — Germans and Jews could not sit together or play
together.
4. Later on the undesirable children — the Jews, the
physically handicapped, gypsies — were thrown out of schools
Q.8. ‘In my state the mother is the most
important citizen.’ Discuss this statement made byHitler.
Ans. 1. Though Hitler said that in my state the mother is the
most important citizen, it was not true.
2. All
mothers were not treated equally. Women who bore racially desirable children
were awarded, while those who bore racially undesirable children were punished.
3. Women who bore ‘desirable’ children were
entitled to privileges and rewards. They were given special treatment in
hospitals and concessions in shops and on theatre tickets and railway fares.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [5 MARKS]:
Q.1. Give reasons why the Weimar Republic
failed to solve the problems of Germany.
Ans. 1. The birth of the Weimar Republic coincided with the
uprising of the Spartacus League on the pattern of the Bolshevik Revolution in
Russia.
2. The Democrats, Socialists and
Catholics opposed it. They met in Weimar to give shape to a democratic
republic.
3. The republic was not received well by its
own people largely because of the terms it was forced to accept after Germany’s
defeat at the end of the First World War.
4. Many Germans held the new Weimar Republic
responsible for not only the defeat in the war but the disgrace at Versailles.
This republic was finally crippled by being forced to pay compensation. Soon
after the economic crisis hit Germany in 1923, the value of German mark fell
considerably.
5. The Weimar Republic had to face
hyperinflation. Then came the Wall Street exchange crash in 1929.
Q.2. Why was Nazism considered to be a
negation of both democracy and socialism?
Ans. 1. After assuming power on 30th January 1933,
Hitler set out to dismantle the structure of democratic rule.
2. The Fire decree of 28th February 1933
indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly
that had been guaranteed by the Weimar constitution.
3. The repression of the Jews and Communists
was severe. On 3rd March 1933, the famousEnabling Act was passed. This Act
established dictatorship in Germany.
1.
This
Act gave Adolf Hitler all political and administrative power to side line the
German parliament.
2.
All
political parties of Germany and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi
party and its affiliates. The state established complete control over the
economy, media, army and judiciary.
3.
Special
surveillance and security forces besides the existing regular police force, the
Gestapo, the SD plus the extra-constitutional powers of these newly constructed
forces gave the Nazi state its reputation of being the most dreaded criminal
state.
Q.3. Describe Hitler’s rise to power with
reference to his
(a) Policy towards the youth (b) His personal
qualities (c) Development of the art of
propaganda
Ans. (a) Policy towards youth: Hitler was fanatically interested in the
youth of the country. He felt that a strong Nazi society could be established
only by teaching children the Nazi ideology. This required a control over the
child, both inside and outside school.Good German children were subjected to a
process of Nazi schooling, a prolonged period of ideological training. Youth
organisations were made responsible for educating the German youth in ‘the spirit of National
Socialism’. Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk. At 14, all boys had to join
the Nazi youth organisation
(b)His
personal qualities:
Hitler was a tireless worker and an able organiser. He had a charming
personality. He was an effective orator. Bitterly anti-Communist, he promised
to save the country from the onslaught of communism. He won over the nationalists by
promising to vindicate national honour by repudiating the Treaty of Versailles
(c)Development
of the art of propaganda:
The Nazi regime used language and media with
care, and often to great effect. The terms they coined to describe their
various practices were not only deceptive, they were chilling. Nazis never used
words ‘‘kill’’ or ‘‘murder’’ in their official communications.
Q.4. Describe in detail Hitler’s treatment of
the Jews Explain Nazi ideologies regarding the Jews.
Ans.
1. Once in power, the Nazis quickly
began to implement their dream of creating an exclusive racial community of
pure Germans by physically eliminating all those who were seen
as‘‘undesirable’’ in the extended empire were mentally or physically unfit
Germans, Gypsies, blacks, Russians, Poles.
2. But Jews remained the worst sufferers in
Nazi Germany. They were stereotyped as ‘killers ofChrist and usurers'. Until
medieval times, Jews were barred from owning land.
3. They survived mainly through trade and moneylending. They
lived in separately marked areas called ‘ghettos’.
4. They were often persecuted through
periodic organised violence and expulsion from land.
5. All
this had a precursor in the traditional Christian hostility towards Jews for
being the killers of Christ.However, Hitler’s hatred of the Jews was based on
pseudo-scientific theories of race, which held that conversion was no solution
to ‘the Jewish problem’. It could be solved only through their total
elimination.
Q.5.What were the effects of peace treaty on
Germany after the First World War
Ans. 1. The defeat of Germany in World War I made
Hitler angry. It horrified him. The Treaty of Versailles made him furious.
3. He joined the German Workers Party and
renamed it National Socialist German Workers Party. This later came to be known
as the Nazi Party.
4. Hitler promised to build a strong nation,
undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the
German people. After First World War, Germany was compelled to sign this treaty
under the threat of war.
5. In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland.
In1940, a Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan,
strengthening Hitler’s claim to international power. Puppet regimes, supportive
of Nazi Germany, were installed in a large part of Europe. Hitler then attacked
the Soviet Union.
HOTS:
Q.1. Describe the main provisions of Treaty
of Versailles.
Ans. The Treaty of Versailles was harsh and humiliating peace
for the Germans.
(i) Germany lost all its overseas colonies, a
tenth of its population.
(ii) 13 per cent of its territories, 75 per
cent of its iron and 26 per cent of its coal to France.
(iii) Germany was demilitarised to weaken its
power.
(iv)The war guilt clause held Germany
responsible for war and damages the Allied countries suffered. It was forced to
pay a compensation amounting to £6 billion.
(v) The Allied forces occupied the
resource-rich Rhineland till the 1920s.
Q.2. How did the ordinary Germans react to
Nazism
Ans.1- Many saw the world through Nazi eyes and spoke their mind
in Nazi language.
2-They felt hatred and anger even when someone
they thought who looked like a Jew.
3-They reported against Suspected Jews and
marked their houses.
4-They believed Nazism would make them
prosperous and happy. The large numbers of Germans were passive onlookers, too
scared to act, to differ or protest.
.Q.3. From whom did Hitler borrow his
racist ideology? Explain.
Ans. 1-Hitler borrowed his racist ideology from thinkers like
Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer.
2-Darwin was a natural scientist who tried to
explain the creation of plants and animals through the concept of evolution and
natural selection.
3-Herbert Spencer later on added the idea of
survival of the fittest. According to this idea, only those species survived on
earth that could adapt themselves to changing climatic conditions.
4-Darwin never advocated human intervention
in what he thought was a purely natural process of selection.
5- However, his ideas were used by racist thinkers and
politicians to justify imperial rule over conquered peoples.
VALUE
BASED QUESTIONS:
Q.1.Why did USA enter into the Second World
War?
Q.2.What were the promises made by Hitler to
people of Germany?
Q.3. How did Hitler use scientific principles
to further his ideology? Why was it incorrect?
EmoticonEmoticon