Class 7th History Chapter 1

Intext Question - Page No.2
Question 1.Look at the areas in the interior of the subcontinent on Map to of the textbook. Are they aqs detailed as those on the coast? Follow the course of the River Ganga and see how it is shown.Why do you think there is a difference in the level of detail and accuracy between the coastal and inland areas in this map?.
Answer.
1. Not the areas in the interior of subcontinent on Map to are not as detailed as those on the coast.
2. The European sailors and merchants who used this map, did not go to the inland places of the subcontinent much as they interacted with the coastal areas.
3. Therefore, the level of detail and accuracy of coastal areas is better than the inland areas, in the map. 





Intext Questions - Page No.3
Question  1. Can you think of any others words whose meanings change in different contexts?
Answer.The others words whose meanings change in different contexts is as under:
(i) Jana- (a) Intially it was used to address people or group of people. 
(b) Latter on it was used to denote land.

Intext Question - Page No.4
Question 1. When was paper more expensive and easily available- in the thirteen or the fourteenth century?
Answer. Paper was more expensive duringand thirteen and easily available in the fourteenth century.

Intext Questions - Page No. 8
Question 1. Of the technologocial, economic, social and cultural changes described in this section, which do you think were most significant in the town or village in which you

live?
Answer.[Hint- Technological changes did not have much impact on village or town life but social cultural and economic had greater impact on our village life.]

Intext Questions - Page No.10
Question 1. Why do you think rulers made such calims?
Answer.Rulers wanted to show of, be popular and mighty by claming t have control over distsnt territories.

Question 2. Make a list of languages mentioned by Amir Khusrau. Preaper another of the names of languages spoken today in the regions he mentiones. Underline names that are similar and circle those that are different. Did you notice that the names by which languaages are Known have changed over time?
Answer:

Region	Languages at the time of Amir Khusara	Present day languages
Sindh	Sindhi	Punjab+Urdu
Lahore	Lahore	Punjab+Urdu
Kashmir	Kashmiri	Kashmiri
South karnataka	Dvarsamudri	Kannada
Andhra-Pradesh	Telangani.	Telugu
Gujarat	Gujarati	Gujarti
Tamil Nadu	Ma''bar	Tamil
Bengal	Gauri	Bengali
Eastren-Uttar- Pradesh	Awadhi	Lakhnuavi
Delhi	Hindawi	Hindi

Yes, there are significant changes in then spoken languages at different regions over time.


Question 3.What was the duration of the rule of the Khalji and Mughal dynasties?
Answer:
1.Khalji dynasti ruled from 1290 to 1320.
2. Mughal dynasti ruled from 1526 to 1857.Intext Question -  Page No.11Question 1. Find out weather and for how long your state was part of these pan-regional empires?
Answer:Students, do themselves.Question 2. Do yoy remember what Amir khusrau had to say regarding Sanskrit, knowledge and Brahmanas?
Answer:Amir khusrau, said that Sanskrit did not belong to any region. It was an old language common people did not know it. only the Brahmanas spoke it.

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Exercises
Question 1.Who was considered a ''foreigner'' in the past?
Answer:
1. In the medieval period, a ''foreigner'' was an stranger who was not a part of society or culture. for example, a forest-dweller was a foreigner to a city-dweller.
2. But two peasants living in the same village were not foreigners to each other, even though they may have had different religious or caste backgrounds.

Question 2. State weather true or false: 
Answer:
(a) We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.( False )
(b) The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period.( True )
(c) Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of agricultural settlements.( True )
(d) Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir.( False )

Question 3. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Archives are places where            are kept.
(b)      was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
(c)             ,        ,       ,       and            were some of the new crops introduced into the subcontinent during this period.
Answer:
(a) Archives are places where Documents, manuscripts, old official records and transactions are kept.
(b)  Ziyauddi Barani was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
(c) Potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee were some of the new crops introduced into the subcontinent during this period.

Question 4. List some of the technological changes associated with this period. 
Answer. The new technogical that made their appearance during this period were-
1. the persian wheel in irrigation.
2. the spinning wheel in weaving.
3. the firearms in Combat.

Question 5. What were some of the major religious developments during this period?
Answer.
The major religious developments during this period were as under:

1. In Hinduism new deities were worshiped and temples were constructed by royalty.
2. The Brahmanas, the priests dominated the other social classes.
3. The new dynamic relationship got developed among Brahmanas and their partons-new rulers searching for prestige.
4. The idea of Bhakti emerged.
5. Muslim religion and teachings of Quran were introduced in the subcontinent.

Letu's Understand
Question 6. In what ways has the meaning of the term ''Hindustan" changed over the centuries? 
Answer.

The time the meaning of the term ''Hindustan" changed as under:
1.In the present time , the term ''Hindustan" is understood by ''India", the modern nation state.
2. But the 13th centuary writer Minhaj-i-Siraj, used the term ''Hindustan" to denot the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between Ganga and Yamuna. 
Therefore,the term was used in the political context.
3. In 16th centuary, Babur used the term "Hindustan'' to describe the geography, the fauna (animals) and the culture of thed inhabitants of the subcontient.
4. At some other place in history, great poet Amir Khusrau used the word ''Hindi" in the similar context as Babur did. 

Question 7. How were the affairs of jatis regulated?
Answer. The ways in which theaffairs of jatis were regulated were as follows:
1. Jaties framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct of their members.
2. Jaties panshyat or the assembely of elders enforced these regulations.
3. Jatis also followed the rules oftheir villages.

Question 8. What was the term pan-regional empire mean?
Answer:
1. During the medieval period there was enormous diversity among distinctive region of the subcontinent.
2. Each region had its own greographical dimensions, own language and cultural characterstics.
3. These region were assciated with specific ruling dynasties. 
4. There was a considereable conflict between these states.
5. Therefore, the empire that ruled or controlled such diverse regions,were called the pan-religional empires.For example, dynasties like the Cholas, Khaljis, Tughluq and Mughals were able to build the pan-regional empire.

I	Siwistan	VII	Sarsuti	XIII	Kara	XIX	Gujarat
II	Uchch	VIII	Kuhram	XIV	Awadh	XX	Devagiri
III	Multan	IX	Hansi	XV	Bihar	XXI	Tilingana
IV	Kalanaur	X	Delhi	XVI	Lakhnauti	XXII	Talanj
V	Lahor	XI	Badayum	XVII	Jajnagar	XIII	Davarasamudra
VI	Samana	XII	Qannauj	XVIII	Malwa	XIV	Malabar

Letu's Discuss
Question 9. What are the difficulties historians face in using manuscripts?
Answer:
Historians face many problems in using manuscripts. Some of them are as under:
1. Manuscripts are badly written which is hardly under stable.
2. Sometimes, due to lack of understandability of handwriting, historians are forced to guess what is written.
3. As scribes copied manuscripts, they also introduced small changes which grew over centuries.
4. Historians have to depend upon the copied version as the original manuscripts are rarely found.

Question 10. How do historians divide the past into periods?Do they face any problems in doing so?
Answer:

1. Historians divide the past into periods onthe basis of economic and social factors to charactteries the major elements of different moments of the past.
2. Historians face many problems while dividing the past intoperioda as there was a good amount of technological development in the ''medieval'' period, which can be called as 'modern' in the contemporary context. But still the period is called ''medieval'' and not ''modern''. On the other hand , modern past is followed by the ''medieval'' past. 

Let's Do
Question 11. Compare either Map 1 or Map 2 with the present-day map of the subcontinent, listing as many similarities and differences you can find.
Answer:
The similarities between Map 2 and the present -day map of the subcontinentare are as under:
1.The coast line is almost as curved as it is in thje present-day map.
2. The names of coastal areas are almost similar.
3. The location (latitude and longitude and longitude) of most of the places show in the map.

The differences in the Map 1 or Map 2 with the present -day map of the subcontinentare as under:
1.The present day map is cloured, which shows water clour with sky blus clour.
2. the present day map also shows the coastal boundary of the subcontinent.
3. The present-day map is more accurate and match detailed.

Question 12. Find out where records are kept in your village or city.Who writes these records? Is there an archive?who manages it?What kinds of documants are stored there? Who are the people who use it?
Answer:
[Hint-1. Mostly records are kept by government owned libraries,archives, museums, etc.
2. The scribes appointed by the state or the central govern-ment writes these records. For example, Gazetter of India.
3. State central government manages it.
4. The documents related to the everyday functioning of assemblies, parliament, important acts, vistiors, wars elections, etc are stored there.
5. Historains, political analysts, journalists, researchers, authropologists, etc. use these records.]

Additional Question. 
Question (i). Give two terms used fo a ''foreginer'' in the past. 

Answer. A ''forginer'' was called pardesi in Hindi and ajnabi in Petsian.

Question (ii). How was paper used?

Answer: The paper was used to write holy texts, chroncicles of rulers, letters and teaching of saints, petitions and judicial resords, accounts and taxes.

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