1. Work : In physics work is defined if force applied on
object displaces the object in direc¬tion of force. Hei-e all three
terms force, dis¬placement and direction of force are important W= Force
x displacement (force in direction of displacement)
Unit of work
1 Joule = 1 Newton. 1 metre
1 J= 1 Nm
When a force of 1 Newton moves a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction the work done is 1 Joule.
Other units of work
1 joule = 1 N x lm = 105 dyne x 102cm = 107 erg
2. Work done by a force applied at an angle
W = component of force in the direction of displacement *, magnitude of displacement W = Fcos0 S
Work done by a force can be positive or negative according as the value of cos 0 is positive or negative.
(therefore, F and s, being magnitudes, are always positive)Work done by a force can be positive or negative according as the value of cos 0 is positive or negative.
W = +ve for 0 = acute angle W = —ve for 0 = obtuse angle
work done by the force does not depend on the time taken in the displacement of point of action.
3. Energy : The energy may be defined as the capacity of a body to do work. –
The SI unit of energy is joule (J).or 1 kJ = 1000 J
Forms of energy : The various forms include potential energy, kinetic energy, heat energy, chemical energy, and light energy.
4. Kinetic Energy : Energy possessed by a
body by virtue of its state of motion is called Kinetic energy. Kinetic
energy is always positive and is a scalar. The fact, that moving bodies
carry energy with them is proved by some, of the several happenings in
day to day life.
Kinetic Energy, K = 1/mv2, when m is the mass and v is the velocity of body.5. Potential energy : Potential energy is energy. due to position. If .a body is in a position such that if it were released it would begin to move, it has potential energy. There are two common forms of potential energy, gravitational and elastic.
(i) Gravitational Potential Energy : When
an object is allowed to fall from one level to a lower level it gains
speed due. to gravitational pull, i.e. it gains kinetic energy.
Therefore, in possessing height, a body has the ability to convert its
height into kinetic energy, i.e. it” possesses potential energy. If a
mass m is at a height h above a lower level the P.E. possessed by the
mass is (mg) (h).
(ii) Elastic Potential energy : Same work
has to be done to change the shape of a body. This work gets stored in
the deformed body in the form of elastic potential energy. Elastic
potential energy is never negative whether due to extension or to
compression.
6. Law of Conservation of Energy :
According to this law, energy can only be converted from one form to
another: it can neither be created or de-stroyed. The total energy
before and after the transformation remains the same. The law of
conservation of energy is valid in all situations and for all kinds of
transformations.
7. Power : The time rate of doing work is defined as power (P). More quickly work is done; power will be more.
Power= work/time
8. Unit of power : The unit of power is the
joule per second and this is called the Watt (W). When large amounts of
power are involved, a more convenient unit is the kilowatt (kW) where 1
kW = 1000W.
1 Megawatt = 106 watt
1 Megawatt = 106 watt
1 horse power = 746 watt
The unit kilowatt-hour means one kilowatt of power supplied for one hour. It is, therefore, the unit of energy.
1 KWh = (1000 J/s) x 60 x 60s = 3.6 x 106J
1 KWh = (1000 J/s) x 60 x 60s = 3.6 x 106J
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