fundamental rights in india

Our Constitution gives us some other rights which are known as Fundamental Rights. These rights cannot be taken back in normal times. The Constitution gives us six fundamental rights. The following are the fundamental rights given by our Constitution.

1. Right to Freedom:

Right to freedom is an important fundamental right. Every one is free to express his thoughts and ideas through speeches, writing or through newspapers. He is free to criticize and speak against the policies of the Government, if he does not agree with them. He is free to move about and carry on any trade or business in any part of India.

2. Right to Freedom of Religion:

The State has no religion. It does not favor any religion. All religions are equal before the law. Every citizen is free to practice, propagate and worship any religion he likes. The State does not interfere with anybody's faith.

3. Right to Equality:

All citizens are equal before the law. There is no discrimination between the rich and the poor, high or the low. There is no discrimination of caste, creed, religion, sex or place of birth. Every citizen can get the highest office for which he has the ability and the required qualifications

4. Right to Education and Culture:

Every child is tree to receive education in any educational institution without distinction of caste, creed, religion and sex. He is free to receive education up to any level. The minority groups are free to preserve their own language and culture. They are free to give education to their children in any school.

5. Right Against Exploitation :

It means nobody can be forced to do work without wages. Nobody can take a beggar. It also prohibits to take work from anybody against his wishes and the children below 14 years of age to work in factories, mines and other risky occupa­tions.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies :

This right is the most important right and protects all the fundamental rights. When someone feels that his fundamental rights are being harmed in any way or he is being denied the fundamental rights, he can approach any court of law to seek justice. Supreme Court is the highest court of the country and is the guardian of our fundamental rights.

Our Duties

Rights and duties go side by side. Rights without duties are meaningless. If we do not do our duties properly, we should not expect rights. Therefore our Constitution has listed some fundamental duties for its citizens. We should carry out our duties for the smooth running of our country. Some of our fundamental duties are as follows.

We must obey the law of our country. We should enjoy our rights and freedom only up to the limit they do not interfere with the freedom and the rights of the others. We should defend our country in times of need and if need be, we should sacrifice our life and property for the sake of our country. We should protect our National Property. Railways, roadways, bridges, schools, colleges, post-offices, historical buildings and forests are all our national property. It is one of our fundamental duties that we must pay our taxes honestly and in time. Our Government is run by the income from our taxes.

functions of the Plasma Membrane

Each cell is bounded by an extremely delicate, thin, elastic, trilaminar living membrane, celled plasma membrane. It is about ten thousandth of a millimeter ion thickness. In plant cells it is present on the inner side of the cell wall. Plasma membrane is made up of two layers of lipid molecules with protein molecules sandwiching it and embedded in it. It is a selectively permeable membrane which allows the flow of some substances into the cell and out of the cell.

Thus, it helps in maintaining the distinct chemical composition of the cell. Besides protecting the internal structures, it also gives shape and rigidity to cell. Plasma membrane has extremely small pores whose opening and closing are dependent upon the metabolic activities of the cell.

Functions

The following functions are performed by cell membrane or plasma membrane:

1. It gives a definite shape to the cell.

2. It provides protection to the internal contents of the cell.

3. It is selectively permeable.

4. It can take in solid and liquid materials by in folding.

5. In animal cells, it is involved in the formation of vesicles, cilia, flagella, microvilli, etc.

function of Cell wall

The plant cells have an additional protective wall outside the plasma membrane, celled a cell wall. It is a relatively thick, nonliving and rigid envelop. It is impermeable and is made up of cellulose (a kind of carbohydrate). It may be a thin or thick, multilayered structure as in bacteria.

Functions

1. It determines the shape of the plant cell.

2. It prevents desiccation (drying up) of cells.

3. It protects the plasma membrane and internal structure of the cell.

4. It helps in the transport of various substances in and out of the cell.

5. It does not allow too much of water to come in. in this way it prevents the cytoplasm from becoming too dilute.

Properties of Gases

1. A gas has no definite shape or volume of its own. It acquires the shape of the container.

Reason: Intermolecular attraction is the weakest in gases whereas intermolecular separation is the largest. Hence, molecules in a gas move very fast and the gas expands to fill all the space available.

2. A gas has no surface of its own.

Reason: Molecules escape from an open container.

3. A gas is not rigid and is easily compressed.

Reason: Intermolecular separation is very large in gaseous state which can be decreased by applying pressure.

4. A gas can diffuse into another gas.

Reason: Molecules in a gas move very fast. Hence the speed of diffusion is very large.

5. A gas on cooling changes into liquid state.

Reason: Cooling reduces intermolecular separation and increase intermolecular force of attraction.

6. A gas can flow in all directions. It requires a vessel closed from all sides.

Properties of Solids

1. A solid has a definite volume and definite shape.

Reason: The intermolecular force of attraction is very strong. The molecules are strongly held and arranged in order.

2. A solid is rigid and cannot be compressed easily.

Reason: Molecules are closely spaced and the intermolecular separation is very small which cannot be reduced further.

3. A solid does not diffuse into another solid easily.

Reason: Intermolecular force of attraction is very strong.

4. A solid does not flow and can be stored in a container.

Reason: Intermolecular fore of attraction is so strong that molecules do not flow and leave the surface of the solid.

5. A solid on hating usually changes into its liquid state.

Reason: Heating provides sufficient energy to molecules to overcome the intermolecular force of attraction. Intermolecular separation increases, changing the solid into liquid.

Properties of a Liquid

1. A liquid has a definite volume.

Reason: Intermolecular force of attraction is just strong enough to confine the molecules in a definite space.

2. A liquid has no definite shape and acquires the shape of the container. It can flow from a higher lever to a lower level.

Reason: Intermolecular force of attraction is weaker in a liquid than in a solid. Liquid molecules can move, slip and slide over each other because their molecular separation is larger. The liquid acquires the shape of the container.

3. Reason: Intermolecular force of attraction is weaker but molecular speed is greater in a liquid than in a solid. The effect of attraction confines the molecules whereas the effect of speed makes the molecules fly apart. The combined effect of these two factors is such that a liquid has a surface which depends on the shape of the container.

4. A liquid is compressible.

Reason: Distance between the neighboring molecules is larger in a liquid than in a solid.

5. A liquid can diffuse into another liquid, but this is much slower as compared to the diffusion of gases.

Reason: Molecules move faster in a liquid than in a solid but slower as compared to the molecules of a gas.

6. A liquid on heating changes into its gaseous state.

Reason: Heating increases the intermolecular separation of the liquid molecules but decreases their intermolecular force of attraction. On cooling, vapours lose heat and are converted into liquid.